Historia jako soft power: Pamięć dialogiczna w relacjach niemiecko-brytyjsko-amerykańskich

Authors

Przemysław Łukasik
University of the National Education Commission, Krakow image/svg+xml
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12797/9788383684130

Keywords:

soft power, dialogic memory, collective memory, memory politics, transatlantic historical discourse

Synopsis

HISTORY AS SOFT POWER: DIALOGICAL MEMORY IN GERMAN-BRITISH-AMERICAN RELATION

The book is an interdisciplinary study that explores how history and collective memory can function as tools of soft power in international relations, with particular emphasis on German-British-American interactions. The author attempts to analyze Aleida Assmann’s concept of dialogical memory as a potential foundation for transatlantic cooperation in the realms of history, politics, and culture.
The study begins with the observation that the past constitutes not only a field of tensions and asymmetries but also an opportunity to build a shared, transnational historical narrative. The author focuses on the symbolic and communicative potential of history, examining how sites of memory, museum institutions, gestures of reconciliation, and official political statements collectively forge a transatlantic space of memory exchange. Among the hypotheses advanced, the central premise posits that dialogical memory can serve as an effective form of soft power by negotiating shared historical narratives and overcoming memory asymmetries (e.g., perpetrator/victim dichotomies). The risks of instrumentalizing the past, where history is used to legitimize current state actions (e.g., by omitting controversial aspects of the past) is also highlighted. In its theoretical section, the book discusses, among others, Joseph Nye’s concept of soft power, underlining its relevance in the context of new geopolitical threats, such as the war in Ukraine.
Soft power relies not on coercion, but on cultural attractiveness and moral authority. Museums, historical education, and cultural diplomacy are among its main expressions. Memory, when managed empathetically and dialogically, can support the international legitimacy of states. The book draws on a rich corpus of sources: political speeches, museum exhibitions, press articles, textbooks, and expert analyses. Through this lens, the author examines symbolic gestures (e.g., apologies by German presidents), institutions (e.g., the USHMM, Imperial War Museum), and international museum and anniversary projects. Using a constructivist approach grounded in the work of Alexander Wendt, he argues that historical memory shapes both national identities and inter-state relations, thereby becoming a resource of influence, legitimacy, and trust-building.
The author demonstrates that the memory narratives of Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States – in the context of World War II and the Cold War – form a coherent, mutually complementary narrative. Reinforced by shared symbols, speeches, and memorial sites, this overarching narrative aligns with the framework of a strategic transatlantic partnership.

Chapters

  • TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • I. WPROWADZENIE
  • 1.1. Cel pracy .......... 7
  • 1.2. Pytania i hipotezy badawcze .......... 9
  • 1.3. Przegląd literatury .......... 11
  • 1.4. Zakres czasowy i terytorialny .......... 17
  • II. METODOLOGIA
  • 2.1. Podejście badawcze .......... 19
  • 2.2.Metody analizy dyskursu .......... 19
  • 2.3.Wybór źródeł .......... 20
  • 2.4. Kryteria porównawcze .......... 21
  • III. RAMY TEORETYCZNE
  • 3.1. Soft power i dyplomacja publiczna .......... 25
  • 3.2. Pamięć zbiorowa i pamięć dialogiczna .......... 39
  • 3.2. PAMIĘĆ ZBIOROWA I PAMIĘĆ DIALOGICZNA
  • 4.1. Zarys kultury pamięci w Republice Federalnej Niemiec .......... 61
  • 4.2. Instytucje pamięci .......... 68
  • 4.3. Miejsca pamięci .......... 76
  • 4.4. Perspektywa amerykańsko-anglosaska .......... 98
  • V. ANALIZA WYBRANYCH PRZYPADKÓW (CASE STUDY): WIELKA BRYTANIA
  • 5.1. Zarys brytyjskiej polityki pamięci .......... 121
  • 5.2. Instytucje pamięci .......... 128
  • 5.3. Miejsca pamięci .......... 135
  • 5.4. Perspektywa amerykańsko-niemiecka .......... 158
  • VI. ANALIZA WYBRANYCH PRZYPADKÓW (CASE STUDY): STANY ZJEDNOCZONE
  • 6.1. Zarys amerykańskiej polityki pamięci .......... 173
  • 6.2. Instytucje pamięci .......... 180
  • 6.3. Miejsca pamięci .......... 192
  • 6.4. Perspektywa angielska i niemiecka .......... 213
  • VII. ANALIZA PORÓWNAWCZA
  • 7.1. Punkty wspólne i punkty rozbieżne .......... 235
  • 7.2. Asymetrie i rezonanse pamięci .......... 242
  • 7.3. Ocena skuteczności soft power w praktyce .......... 249
  • VIII. ZAKOŃCZENIE
  • 8.1.Weryfikacja hipotez badawczych .......... 253
  • 8.2. Wnioski ogólne .......... 265
  • IX. BIBLIOGRAFA

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Wehler, Hans-Ulrich. Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, vol. 4. München: C.H. Beck, 2003.

Weinke, Annette. Die Nürnberger Prozesse. München: C.H. Beck, 2006.

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Whiting, Charles. The Battle of the Bulge: Britain’s Untold Story. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999.

Wiener, Jon. How We Forgot the Cold War: A Historical Journey Across America.Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.

Wieviorka, Olivier. Normandy: The Landings to the Liberation of Paris.Tłum. Malcolm B. De-Bevoise, Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008.

Winter, Jay. RememberingWar:TheGreat War between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.

Winter, Jay. Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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Wolff-Powęska, Anna. Pamięć. Brzemię i uwolnienie. Niemcy wobec nazistowskiej przeszłości 1945– 2010. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka, 2011.

Wolfrum, Edgar. Geschichtspolitik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Der Weg zur bundesrepublikanischen Erinnerung. 1948–1990. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1999. Young, James E. The Stages of Memory: Reflections on Memorial Art, Loss, and the Spaces Between. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2016.

Zelizer, Barbie. Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory Through the Camera’s Eye.Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1998. Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States. London–New York: Longman, 1996. Zinn, Howard. Politics of History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.

2. Artykuły naukowe

Alsultany, Evelyn. “Arabs and Muslims in the Media after 9/11: Representational Strategies for a ‘Postrace’ Era.” American Quarterly 65, nr 1 (marzec 2013): 161–169.

Arad, Michael. “Reflecting Absence.” Places 21, nr 1 (2009): 66–71. https://placesjournal.org/assets/legacy/pdfs/reflecting-absence.pdf.

Arnold-Lourie, Christine. “Baby Pilgrims, Sturdy Forefathers, and One Hundred Percent Americanism: The Mayflower Tercentenary of 1920.” Massachusetts Historical Review17, nr 1 (2015): 35–66.

Assmann, Aleida. “Europe: A Community of Memory?” Bulletin of the German Historical Institute, nr 40 (wiosna 2007): 10–24.https://www.ghi-dc.org/publication/bulletin-spring-2007. Barnett, Michael, i Raymond Duvall. “Power in International Politics.” International Organization

59, nr 1 (2005): 39–75. Bush, Sargent. “America’s Origin Myth: Remembering Plymouth Rock.” American Literary Hi-story12, nr 4 (2000): 745–756. Chong, Alan. “Smart Power and Military Force: An Introduction.” Journal of Strategic Studies 38, nr 3 (2015): 233–244. Conboy, Martin. “A Tale of Two Battles: History in the Popular Press.” Media History13, nr 2–3 (2007): 257–271.

Cox, Sebastian. “An Effort of Biblical Proportions –The Berlin Airlift 1948–1949.” Air Power Review21, nr 2 (2020): 4–25. https://www.raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/centre-for-air-and-space-power-studies/aspr/apr-vol21-iss2-1-pdf/.

Crane, Susan A. “Choosing Not to Look: Representation, Repatriation, and Holocaust Atrocity Photography,” History and Theory47, nr 3 (2008): 309–330. Crane, Susan A. “Memory, Distortion, and History in the Museum.” History and Theory36, nr 4 (1997): 44–63. Cull, Nicholas. “Public Diplomacy: Seven Lessons for Its Future from Its Past.” Place Branding and Public Diplomacy6 (2010): 11–17. Daddow, Oliver J. “Euroscepticism and History Education in Britain.” Government and Opposition 41, nr 1 (2006): 64–85.

Dahl, Robert A. “The Concept of Power.” Behavioral Science 3, nr 2 (1957): 201–215.

Datta, Monti N. “The Decline of America’s Soft Power in the United Nations.” International Studies Perspectives10, nr 3 (2009): 265–284. Delaperrière, Maria. „Miejsca pamięci czy pamięć miejsc? Kilka refleksji na temat uobecniania prze-szłości w literaturze współczesnej,” Ruch Literacki54, nr 1 (2013): 49–61.

Doss, Erika. “War, Memory, and the Public Mediation of Affect: The National World War II Memorial and American Imperialism.” Memory Studies1, nr 2 (2008): 227–250.

Dragovic-Soso, Jasna. “Justice and Apology in the Aftermath of War and Mass Crime: Contemporary Serbia and the German Model.” History and Memory34, nr 1 (2022): 69–99.

Elcombe, Tim L. “Sport in Times of Turmoil: Political Uses of Sport in Global Crises.” Global Society36, nr 4 (2022): 538–561.

Fox, Jonathan, i Ariel Zellman. “With Friends Like These: Does American Soft Power Advance International Religious Freedom?”Religions 13,nr 6 (2022).https://doi.org/10.3390/ rel13060502.

Frank, Michael C. “At War with the Unknown: Hollywood, Homeland Security, and the Cultural Imaginary of Terrorism after 9/11.” Amerikastudien / American Studies60, nr 4 (2015): 485–504.

Fritzsche, Peter K. “NATO in History and Civics Textbooks: The West German Case.” Internationale Schulbuchforschung 12, nr 1 (1990): 35–47. Gallarotti, Giulio M. “The Changing? Face of Power in International Relations, 1979–2019.” Journal of Political Power 14, nr 1 (2021): 209–234. Gallarotti, Giulio M. “Soft Power: What It Is, Why It’s Important, and the Conditions for Its Effective Use.” Journal of Political Power 4, nr 1 (2011): 25–47. Geoff, Eley. “Finding the People’s War: Film, British Collective Memory, and World War II.” The American Historical Review106, nr 3 (2001): 818–838.

Goebel,Stefan.“RuinsofWarintoMemorialsofReconciliation:CoventryCathedralandthe Dresden Frauenkirche, 1940–2010.” Journal of British Studies 64 (2025): e14. https://doi. org/10.1017/jbr.2025.6.

Guttormsen, Torgrim Sneve. “Valuing Immigrant Memories as Common Heritage: The Leif Erik-son Monument in Boston.” History and Memory30, nr 2 (2018): 79–115.

Henrikson, Alan. “The Creation of the North Atlantic Alliance, 1948–1952.” Naval War College Review 33, nr 3 (1980): 4–39. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44642631.

Hulme, Tom. “The Mayflowerand‘Mother Plymouth’: Anglo-America, Civic Culture and the Urban Past.” Cultural and Social History18 nr 4 (2021): 517–537.

Kaldor, Mary. “Missing the Point on Hard and Soft Power?” The Political Quarterly85, nr 3 (lipiec–wrzesień 2014): 373–377.

Kansteiner, Wulf. “Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Me-mory Studies.”History and Theory41, nr 2 (2002): 179–197.

Kaute, Wojciech. “Synteza dziejów Polski Michała Bobrzyńskiego a synteza dziejów Polski Joachima Lelewela.” Człowiek w Kulturze 6–7 (1995): 363–385.

Kiwerska, Jadwiga. „Stany Zjednoczone w świecie zróżnicowanych potęg.” Przegląd Zachodni 68, nr 4 (2012): 27–55.

Lee, Seow Ting. “A Battle for Foreign Perceptions: Ukraine’s Country Image in the 2022 War with Russia.”Place Branding and Public Diplomacy19, nr 3 (2023): 345–358.

Linenthal, Edward T. “The Boundaries of Memory: The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.”American Quarterly46, nr 3 (1994): 406–433.

Little, Stuart J. “The Freedom Train: Citizenship and Postwar Political Culture 1946–1949.” American Studies 34, nr 1 (1993): 35–67.

Lukes, Steven. “Power and the Battle for Hearts and Minds.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33, nr 3 (2005): 477–493.

Łukasik, Przemysław. „Między pamięcią a historią dialogiczną. Wojna powietrzna we współczesnym dyskursie niemiecko-angielskim.” Sensus Historiae41, nr 4 (2020): 119–137.

Mahlum, Lisa. “The Similarities and Difference: A Comparative Analysis of the New England Holocaust Memorial in Boston and the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin.” Intersections 10, nr 1 (2009): 279–308.

Malicki, Krzysztof. „Między kanonem a archiwum –o systematyzacji i klasyfikacji miejsc pamięci.” Kultura i Społeczeństwo64, nr 4 (2020): 97–114.

Marcuse, Harold. “Holocaust Memorials: The Emergence of a Genre.” The American Historical Review 115, nr 1 (2010): 53–89. https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.115.1.53.

Mihăilescu, Dana. “Visualizing Transgenerational Memories of the Holocaust in Never Again Will I Visit Auschwitz: An Interview with Ari Richter.” MELUS50, nr 1 (wiosna 2025): 184–206. https://doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlaf013.

Nycz, Grzegorz. “The Bitburg Controversy from the New Cold War Perspective: Reagan’s Views on WWII Nazi Germany’s Soldiers’ Victimhood.” Ad Americam22 (2021): 33–43.

Nye, Joseph S. Jr. “Globalization’s Democratic Deficit: How to Make International Institutions More Accountable.” Foreign Affairs 80, nr 4 (lipiec/sierpień 2001): 2–6.

Nye, Joseph S. Jr. “Soft Power: The Origins and Political Progress of a Concept.” The Journal of International Communication 28, nr 1 (2022): 7–20.

Paliewicz, Nicholas S., i Hasian Marouf Jr. “Popular Memory at Ground Zero: A Heterotopology of National September 11 Memorial and Museum.” Popular Communication: The International Journal of Media and Culture15, nr 1 (2017): 30.

Pape, Elise. “Postcolonial Debates in Germany –An Overview.” African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie21, nr 2 (2017): 2–14.

Pennell, Catriona. “Learning Lessons from War? Inclusions and Exclusions in Teaching First World War History in English Secondary Schools.” History and Memory28, nr 1 (2016): 36–70. Plato, Alexander. „Erinnerungen an einSymbol:Zeitzeugen aus Dresden erinnern sich an den 13.Februar 1945.” BIOS–Zeitschrift für Biographieforschung, Oral History und Lebensverlaufsanalysen20, nr 1 (2007): 123–137. https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/27050/ssoar-bioszeit-2007-1-plato-erinnerungen_an_ein_symbol.pdf?sequence=1&i sAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-bioszeit-2007-1-plato-erinnerungen_an_ein_symbol.pdf.

Rebisz, Bethany. “Reconstructing the Legacies of Colonial Detention: Digital Heritage, Memory, and the Mau Mau Emergency, 1952–1960.” Memory Studies18, nr 5 (2025): 1214–1232.

Reynolds, David. “A‘Special Relationship’? America, Britain and the International Order Since the Second World War.” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944–)62, nr 1 (1985): 1–20.

Roth, Kenneth. “The Charade of US Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties.” Chicago Journal of International Law1, nr 2 (2000): 347–353.

Said, Edward W. “Invention, Memory, and Place.” Critical Inquiry26, nr 2 (zima 2000): 175–192.

Sargent, Mark L. “The Encounter on Cole’s Hill: Cyrus Dallin’s ‘Massasoit’ and ‘Bradford.’” Journal of American Studies27, nr 3 (1993): 399–408.

Short, Geoffrey. “Understanding and Teaching Holocaust Education.” Holocaust Studies23, nr 4 (maj 2017): 530–533.

Siebeck, Cornelia. „»Einzug ins verheißene Land«. Richard von Weizsäckers Rede zum 40. Jahrestag des Kriegsendes am 8. Mai 1985.” Zeithistorische Forschungen / Studies in Contemporary History12, nr 1 (2015): 161–169.

Solarz, Anna. „Antysemityzm jako instrument polityki zagranicznej Izraela.” Stosunki Międzynarodowe 49 (2014): 151–163.

Swigger, Jessica. “[Review of Plimoth Plantation].”The Public Historian31, nr 4 (2009): 132–135.

Till, Karen E. “Artistic and Activist Memory-Work: Approaching Place-Based Practice.” Memory Studies 1, nr 1 (2008): 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698007083893. Titi, Catharine. “Museums and the Spoils of Empire: From the Benin Bronzes to Those Marbles Again.”Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History53, nr 4 (2025): 979–987. Toll, Seymour. “Remembering the Battle of the Bulge.” The Sewanee Review122, nr 2 (2014): 270–282.

Tomlinson, Charlotte. “City of Culture, City of Transformation: Bringing Together the Urban Past and Urban Present in The Hull Blitz Trail.” Urban History48, nr 2 (2021): 351–363. Toye, Richard. “Winston Churchill’s ‘Crazy Broadcast’: Party, Nation, and the 1945 Gestapo Speech.”

Journal of British Studies 49, nr 3 (2010): 655–680. Trunkos, Judit. “Testing the Impact of Geopolitics on European Democratic Countries’ Soft Power Use.” Journal of Political Power 15, nr 3 (2022): 532–555. Vaninskaya, Anna. “‘My Mother, Drunk or Sober’: G. K. Chesterton and Patriotic Anti-Imperialism.”History of European Ideas34, nr 4 (2008): 535–547. Warburton, Theresa. “What Looks like a Grave: Native and Anarchist Place-Making in New England.”Studies in American Indian Literatures 32, nr 1 (2020): 75–110. Weiss, Jana. “The National Day of Mourning: Thanksgiving, Civil Religion, and American Indians.”Amerikastudien / American Studies63, nr 3 (2018): 367–388. Wendt, Alexander. “Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics.”International Organization 46, nr 2 (1992): 391–425. Wintle, Claire. “Decolonising the Museum: The Case of the Imperial and Commonwealth Institutes.”Museum & Society 11, nr 2 (lipiec 2013): 185–201. Wolff-Powęska, Anna. „Polskie spory o historię i pamięć. Polityka historyczna.” Przegląd Zachodni 63, nr 1 (2007): 3–44. Wolff-Powęska, Anna. „Zwycięzcy i zwyciężeni. II wojna światowa w pamięci zbiorowej narodów.” Przegląd Zachodni 60 [61], nr 2 (2005): 3–40. Wright, Quincy. “The Law of the Nuremberg Trial.” The American Journal of International Law 41, nr 1 (1947): 38–72. Young, James E. “The Memorial’s Arc: Between Berlin’s Denkmal and New York City’s 9/11 Memorial.”Memory Studies9, nr 3 (2016): 325–331. Zins, Henryk. „Cecil J. Rhodes w opiniach historyków.” Annales Universitatis Mariae CurieSkłodowska.

Sectio F, Historia 50 (1995): 205–217. https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/ texts/none/1995-tom-50/annales_universitatis_mariae_curie_sklodowska_sectio_f_historia-r1995-t50-s205-217.pdf.

Zins, Henryk. “Joseph Conrad and the Early British Critics of Colonialism in the Congo.” Annales Universitatis Mariae CurieSkłodowska. Sectio F, Historia56 (2001): 41–54.

3. Rozdziały w pracach zbiorowych

Ankersmit, Frank. „Pamiętając Holokaust. Żałoba i melancholia.” (w:) Pamięć, etyka i historia. Angloamerykańska teoria historiografii lat dziewięćdziesiątych, red. Ewa Domańska (Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 2006), 163–184.

Assmann,Aleida.“DialogicMemory.”(w:)DialogueasaTransDisciplinaryConcept:Martin Buber’sPhilosophyofDialogueandItsContemporaryReception,red.PaulMendes-Flohr(Berlin– München–Boston: De Gruyter, 2015), 199–214.

Assmann, Aleida. „Ku europejskiej kulturze pamięci.” (w:) Aleida Assmann, Między historią a pamięcią. Antologia, red. Magdalena Saryusz-Wolska (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2013), 208–225.

Assmann, Aleida. „Podzielona pamięć Europy. Koncepcja pamięci dialogicznej.” (w:) Dialog kultur pamięci w regionie ULB, red. Alvydas Nikžentaitis i Michał Kopczyński (Warszawa: Muzeum Historii Polski, 2014), 13–22.

Baylis, John. “The Origins of NATO.” (w:) Routledge Handbook of NATO, red. John Andreas Olsen (London: Routledge, 2024), 15–28.

Brown, Raymond M. “The American Perspective on Nuremberg: A Case of Cascading Ironies. / Die amerikanische Sicht auf Nürnberg: Ein Fall wechselnder Ironien.” (w:) The Nuremberg Trials:InternationalCriminalLawSince1945:60thAnniversaryInternationalConference.Internationale Konferenz zum 60. Jahrestag, red. Herbert R. Reginbogin i Christoph Safferling (Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Saur, 2006), 21–30.

Bushaway, Bob. “Name upon Name: The Great War and Remembrance.” (w:) Myths of the English, red. Roy Porter (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), 136–167. Chwedoruk, Rafał. “The Politics of History.” (w:) Polityka historyczna, red. Joanna Lubecka i Maciej Zakrzewski (Kraków: Ignatianum University Press, 2023), 25–31.

Dolski, Michael. “Introduction: D-Day in History and Memory.” (w:) DDay in History and Memory: The Normandy Landings in International Remembrance and Commemoration, red. Michael Dolski, Sam D. Edwards i John Buckley (Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2014), 1–20.

Dolski, Michael. “‘Portal of Liberation’: D-Day Myth as American Self Affirmation.” (w:) DDay in History and Memory: The Normandy Landings in International Remembrance and Commemoration, red. Michael Dolski, Sam D. Edwards, i John Buckley (Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2014), 43–85.

Fuchs, Anne. “World War II in German Cultural Memory: Dresden as Lieu de Mémoire.” (w:)The Routledge Handbook of German Politics & Culture, red. Sarah Colvin (London, New York: Routledge, 2015), 48–70.

Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich. „Użyteczność historii.” (w:) Pamięć, etyka i historia. Angloamerykańska teoria historiografii lat dziewięćdziesiątych, red. Ewa Domańska (Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 2006), 117–127.

Greloff, Jakub. “Memory and Politics of Memory.” (w:) Polityka historyczna, red. Joanna Lubecka i Maciej Zakrzewski (Kraków: Ignatianum University Press, 2023), 51–77.

Helfer, Florian. “Colonial Violence in German and English History Textbooks.” (w:) Overcoming Conflict, red. Florian Helfer, Peter Geiss, Sylvia Müller-Tietz i Michael Rohrschneider (Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2023), 147–180.

Hull, Isabel V. “Military Culture and the Production of ‘Final Solutions’ in the Colonies: The Example of Wilhelminian Germany.” (w:) The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, red. Robert Gellately i Ben Kiernan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 141–162.

Iggers, Georg G. „Użycie i nadużycie historii. Odpowiedzialność historyka w historii i obecnie.” (w:) Pamięć, etyka i historia. Angloamerykańska teoria historiografii lat dziewięćdziesiątych, red. Ewa Domańska (Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 2006), 105–117.

Jefferson, Thomas. “Origins of Self Goverment.” (w:) The Complete Jefferson Writings, red. Saul K. Padover (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1943), 293–298.

Layne, Christopher. “The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power.” (w:) Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, red. Inderjeet Parmar i Michael Cox (New York: Routledge, 2010), 51–82.

Li, Mingjiang. “Introduction: Soft Power –Nurture Not Nature.” (w:) Soft Power: China’s Emerging Strategy in International Politics, red. Mingjiang Li (New York: The Rowman & Little-field Publishing Group, 2009), 1–19.

Lubecka, Joanna, i Maciej Zakrzewski. „Cuius regio, eius historia?” (w:) Polityka historyczna, red.JoannaLubeckai MaciejZakrzewski(Kraków:IgnatianumUniversityPress,2023),11–29.

Markowska-Marczak, Barbara. “The Axiological Framework of the Politics of Memory.” (w:) Polityka historyczna, red. Joanna Lubecka i Maciej Zakrzewski (Kraków: Ignatianum University Press, 2023), 89–107.

Melissen, Jan. “The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice.” (w:) The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, red. Jan Melissen (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 3–28.

Musiał, Filip. “The Politics of Memory and History.” (w:) Polityka historyczna, red. Joanna Lubecka i Maciej Zakrzewski (Kraków: Ignatianum University Press, 2023), 76–83.

Nye, Joseph S. Jr. “Notes for a Soft Power Research Agenda.” (w:) Power in World Politics, red. Felix Berenskoetter i Michael Williams (Abingdon: Routledge, 2007), 172–182.

Olick, Jeffrey K. “Willy Brandt in Warsaw: Event or Image? History or Memory?” (w:) Double Exposure: Memory and Photography, red. Olga Shevchenko (New Brunswick–London: Transaction Press, 2014), 21–40.

Palan, Ronen. “The Second British Empire and the Re-Emergence of Global Finance.” (w:) Legacies of Empire: Imperial Roots of the Contemporary Global Order, red. Sandra Halperin i Ronen Palan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 46–68.

Rauer, Valentin. “Symbols in Action: Willy Brandt’s Kneefall at the Warsaw Memorial.” (w:) Social Performance, red. Jeffrey C. Alexander et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 257–282.

Renner, Judith. “Poland–Germany: Balancing Competing Narratives through Apology.” (w:) Apology and Reconciliation in International Relations: The Importance of Being Sorry, red. Christopher Daase, Stefan Engert, Michel-André Horelt, Judith Renner i Renate Strassner (Abingdon: Routledge, 2016), 71–86.

Risse-Kappen, Thomas. “Collective Identity in a Democratic Community: The Case of NATO.” (w:)The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, red. Peter J. Katzenstein (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 357–399.

Ruchniewicz, Krzysztof. „Polityka historyczna.” (w:) Historia w przestrzeni publicznej, red. Joanna Wojdon (Warszawa: PWN, 2018), 76–78.

Schofield, William. “Archaeologies of Air-Raid Shelters in Britain: Evidence of Social Space Under Bombardment.” (w:) Twentieth Century Archaeology, red. Victor Buchli (London: Routledge, 2001), 71–89.

Stempin, Arkadiusz. “The Politics of Memory as a Tool in International Relations.” (w:) Polityka historyczna, red. Joanna Lubecka i Maciej Zakrzewski (Kraków: Ignatianum University Press, 2023), 127–141.

Stobiecki, Robert. „Pamięć historyczna.” (w:) Historia w przestrzeni publicznej, red. Joanna Woj-don (Warszawa: PWN, 2018), 29–31. Zheng, Yongnian, i Chi Zhang. “‘Soft Power’ and Chinese Soft Power.” (w:) China’s Soft Power and International Relations, red. Hongyi Lai i Yiyi Lu (London: Routledge, 2012), 21–38.

4. Prace zbiorowe

Beiner, Guy, red. History, Memory, and Forgetting in Modern Ireland.Cambridge–New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Bevernage, Berber, i Nico Wouters, red. The Palgrave Handbook of StateSponsored History After 1945. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Bhambra, GurminderK., DaliaGebrial i Kerem Nişancıoğlu,red.Decolonising the University. London: Pluto Press, 2018.

Bird, Geoffrey, Sean Claxton i Keir Reeves, red. Managing and Interpreting DDay’s Sites of Me-mory: Guardians of Remembrance. London: Routledge, 2016.

Bosi, Lorenzo, i Gianluca De Fazio, red. The Troubles in Northern Ireland and Theories of Social Movements. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017.

Das, Santanu, red. Race, Empire and First World War Writing.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Dobson, Alan P., i Steve Marsh, red. Churchill and the AngloAmerican Special Relationship. Abingdon: Routledge, 2017.

Dolski, Michael, Sam. D. Edwards i John Buckley, red. DDay in History and Memory: The Normandy Landings in International Remembrance and Commemoration. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2014.

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2 October 2026

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Historia Jako Soft Power: Pamięć Dialogiczna W Relacjach Niemiecko-Brytyjsko-amerykańskich. 2026. Poland: Księgarnia Akademicka Publishing. https://doi.org/10.12797/9788383684130.