W cieniu mobilizacji. Kazachstan jako schronienie i punkt przerzutowy dla uciekinierów z Rosji .......... 65

IN THE SHADOW OF MOBILIZATION: KAZAKHSTAN AS A REFUGE AND TRANSIT HUB FOR RUSSIAN RUNAWAYS

This chapter presents and analyses the mass exodus of citizens of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Kazakhstan driven by fears of conscription into the Russian army. The authors attempted to clarify what terminology should be used to describe this type of migration. An overview has been provided of Russia’s so-called partial mobilization in the fall of 2022 (effectively amounting to a general mobilisation) and its impact on the Russian state. The authors explained why Kazakhstan has proven to be an attractive refuge for Russian citizens fleeing conscription, as well as the scale of their migration to the largest state in post-Soviet Central Asia since September 2022. The reactions of Kazakhstan society to the influx of hundreds of thousands of refugees from the neighboring country were also presented.